{"id":3416,"date":"2025-06-01T22:19:54","date_gmt":"2025-06-01T22:19:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/imexgeorgia.com\/test\/?post_type=im_products&#038;p=3416"},"modified":"2025-06-01T22:19:54","modified_gmt":"2025-06-01T22:19:54","slug":"types-of-paraffin","status":"publish","type":"im_products","link":"https:\/\/imexgeorgia.com\/ka\/im_products\/types-of-paraffin\/","title":{"rendered":"\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8: \u10e3\u10eb\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e3\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10dd \u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0<\/h1>\n<p>\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e2\u10d8\u10de\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e3\u10ea\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d0, \u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10d4\u10e1 \u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10db\u10ee\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d8\u10d5\u10d7\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ef\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc (\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc), \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10de\u10dd\u10e3\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10e1. \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d8\u10d7, \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8, \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d3 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10d8\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd \u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da \u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10da\u10e1 \u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1. \u10d4\u10e1 \u10e7\u10dd\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10ea\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10eb\u10e6\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10dd \u10d3\u10d4\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10ee\u10d8\u10da\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10e1, \u10db\u10d0\u10d7 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0 \u10db\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1.<\/p>\n<h2>1. \u10e0\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8? \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e2\u10d8\u10de\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10ec\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d0<\/h2>\n<h3>\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8<\/h3>\n<p>\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d4\u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ef\u10d0\u10ed\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10ea \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10ea\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1. \u10d0\u10db \u10ef\u10d0\u10ed\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d8\u10d2\u10e0\u10eb\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7, \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1 \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8, \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4 \u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10d3\u10d2\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8. \u10db\u10dd\u10d3\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d5\u10d8\u10ee\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d7 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10e2\u10d8\u10de\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db \u10db\u10ee\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5:<\/p>\n<h4>\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \/ \u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8:<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10dd\u10d7\u10d0\u10ee\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e2\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d7\u10d4\u10d7\u10e0\u10d8, \u10e3\u10e1\u10e3\u10dc\u10dd, \u10e3\u10d2\u10d4\u10db\u10dd \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10d0.<\/li>\n<li>\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e9\u10d5\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5 47-\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc 64 \u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d4\u10da\u10e1\u10d8\u10e3\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10e7\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10e1.<\/li>\n<li>\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10d2\u10e0\u10eb\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10ef\u10d0\u10ed\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc (\u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 C20-\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc C40-\u10db\u10d3\u10d4).<\/li>\n<li>\u10d8\u10e1 \u10f0\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10e4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 (\u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1) \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e3\u10ee\u10e1\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10d0.<\/li>\n<li>\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d8 \u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10e0\u10dd \u10d8\u10d6\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0.<\/li>\n<li>\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \/ \u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8:<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10e3\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd, \u10e3\u10e1\u10e3\u10dc\u10dd, \u10e3\u10d2\u10d4\u10db\u10dd \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10ed\u10d5\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d0.<\/li>\n<li>\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10db\u10dd\u10d9\u10da\u10d4\u10ef\u10d0\u10ed\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 (\u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 C15-\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc C40-\u10db\u10d3\u10d4).<\/li>\n<li>\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10d5\u10d3\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d0 \u201e\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e0\u10d4\u10ec\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u201c \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d2\u10d0\u10ec\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u201e\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\/\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u201c \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>2. \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10e8\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0<\/h2>\n<p>\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dd\u10e9\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10db \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10db \u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10e2\u10d4\u10ee\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8.<\/p>\n<h3>\u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dd\u10e9\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 (\u10db\u10d4-19 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8):<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Karl von Reichenbach (\u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10da \u10e4\u10dd\u10dc \u10e0\u10d0\u10d8\u10ee\u10d4\u10dc\u10d1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d8):<\/strong> \u10d2\u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0, \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 1830 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10e9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0. \u10db\u10d0\u10dc \u10d4\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d8\u10d5\u10d7\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10ec\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10d8\u10e6\u10dd.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10ec\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u201e\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u201c \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10e8\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0:<\/strong> \u10e0\u10d0\u10d8\u10ee\u10d4\u10dc\u10d1\u10d0\u10ee\u10db\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10ec\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u201e\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u201c \u10dd\u10e0\u10d8 \u10da\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d8\u10e2\u10e7\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10e8\u10d4\u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10d8\u10d0: \u201eparum\u201c, \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u201e\u10db\u10ea\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10e1\u201c \u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u201eaffinis\u201c, \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u201e\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1\u201c \u10d0\u10dc \u201e\u10db\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d9\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1\u201c \u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1 (\u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u201e\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1\u201c \u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10ee\u10db\u10dd\u10d1\u10e1). \u10d4\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d8\u10d5\u10d7\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d0\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10e0\u10e9\u10d0, \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7-\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10db\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d0.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10ea\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 (\u10db\u10d4-19 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8):<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>James Young (\u10ef\u10d4\u10d8\u10db\u10e1 \u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10d8):<\/strong> \u10e8\u10dd\u10e2\u10da\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10ec\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8 \u10e0\u10dd\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8. 1850-\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 (\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8, \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4 \u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8) \u10db\u10dd\u10de\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10d8\u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10ea\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0. \u10d0\u10db \u10e1\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd, \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8 \u201e\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u201c \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10ea \u10d9\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0 \u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10dd\u10da\u10e3\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d6\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8:<\/strong> \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dd\u10e9\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d3 \u10ea\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ea\u10ee\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc (\u10ea\u10ee\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc) \u10d0\u10dc \u10e4\u10e3\u10e2\u10d9\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10d6\u10d0\u10d3\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3 \u10d9\u10d5\u10d0\u10db\u10da\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10eb\u10d5\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e6\u10d8\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0. \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10db\u10d0 \u10d0\u10db \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10dd\u10da\u10e3\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0, \u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10d7\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d2\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10ec\u10d5\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0:<\/strong> \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10da\u10d4\u10d1 \u10d9\u10d5\u10d0\u10db\u10da\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10f0\u10e5\u10dd\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0\u10d7.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10e6\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0:<\/strong> \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7, \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10d8\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0, \u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4 \u10e4\u10e3\u10e2\u10d9\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ea\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ea\u10ee\u10d8\u10db\u10d8, \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea \u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10dd\u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10d5\u10d3\u10dd\u10db\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0:<\/strong> \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4\u10e3\u10da \u10d4\u10e2\u10d0\u10de\u10d6\u10d4 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8\u10ea \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0, \u10db\u10d0\u10d7 \u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1, \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10e2\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10d6\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8, \u10d6\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10f0\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d8\u10d6\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e0\u10d4\u10ec\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd \u10d6\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 (\u10db\u10d4-20 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc):<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ee\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d6\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3 (\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10ea \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10df\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10e3\u10e5\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d0\u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc), \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10db \u10de\u10d8\u10d9\u10e1 XX \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d8\u10e1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10e6\u10ec\u10d8\u10d0.<\/li>\n<li>\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10db (\u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3, \u10d5\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10e3\u10db\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10f0\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d9\u10e0\u10d4\u10d9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10d8) \u10d2\u10d0\u10d0\u10e3\u10db\u10ef\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10ee\u10d8, \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea \u10d2\u10d6\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e3\u10ee\u10e1\u10dc\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d9\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10e2\u10e3\u10da, \u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1\u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7, \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7-\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d8\u10e5\u10ea\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10dd\u10d6\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1. \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e2\u10d8\u10de\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e3\u10ea\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>3. \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10e2\u10d8\u10de\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8: \u10d3\u10d4\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10db\u10dd\u10ee\u10d8\u10da\u10d5\u10d0<\/h2>\n<p>\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8 \u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 (\u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8) \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0, \u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10e1 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e2\u10d8\u10de\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10ea, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d7\u10d0\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10d7\u10d8\u10d7\u10dd\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e5\u10d5\u10e1:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8:<\/strong> \u10d6\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10d7 \u10d0\u10e6\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \/ \u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8:<\/strong> \u10d6\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10d7 \u10d0\u10e6\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10e0\u10dd\u10d9\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e2\u10d8\u10de\u10d8, \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1\u10d8, \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10de\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d9\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10e3\u10e5\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7.<\/li>\n<li>\u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e5\u10d5\u10e1 \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10db\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 (\u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 60-\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc 93 \u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d4\u10da\u10e1\u10d8\u10e3\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4) \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10dc\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0.<\/li>\n<li>\u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e1\u10d8\u10db\u10e2\u10d9\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10e0\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10e5\u10da\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e5\u10da\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10e8\u10d4\u10e0\u10ec\u10e7\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10d8.<\/li>\n<li>\u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10ea\u10d4\u10ea\u10ee\u10da\u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10e0\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 (\u10ea\u10d4\u10ea\u10ee\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8) \u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10e4\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10d9\u10e0\u10d4\u10e2\u10e3\u10da \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10d5\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \/ \u10d5\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10e0\u10dd\u10d9\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10db\u10eb\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc.<\/li>\n<li>\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d4\u10da\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10ef\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10e0\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d8\u10da\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10e3\u10e5\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>4. \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3\u10d8: \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0 \u10db\u10d6\u10d0\u10d3\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0<\/h2>\n<p>\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10ea\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e2\u10d8\u10de\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d4\u10e1\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10d8\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u10dc\u10d4\u10d3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0:<\/strong> \u10dc\u10d4\u10d3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10ee\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d0 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10e0\u10d0\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d3\u10e3\u10e6\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0:<\/strong> \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10ea\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10db\u10eb\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10e4\u10e0\u10d0\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 (\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10ec\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8, \u201e\u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10dd\u10ee\u10d8 \u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1\u201c \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc) \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d0.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10d3\u10d4\u10ea\u10d8\u10da\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0:<\/strong> \u10d0\u10db \u10d4\u10e2\u10d0\u10de\u10d6\u10d4, \u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d0. \u10d4\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d7\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1, \u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10db\u10dd\u10f0\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d0\u10dc \u10e1\u10de\u10d4\u10ea\u10d8\u10e4\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10ee\u10e1\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0:<\/strong> \u10db\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d3\u10da\u10d8 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10ea\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1, \u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10e3\u10dc\u10e1. \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10d7\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10ee\u10d8\u10e1 (\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d0\u10dc \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10ee\u10d8\u10e1) \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10ea\u10d0\u10d0 \u10f0\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 (\u10e0\u10d4\u10d0\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc), \u10d2\u10d0\u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d8\u10ee\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d0\u10dc \u10d2\u10d0\u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8:<\/strong> \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d8\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d1\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc (\u10e4\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10e0-\u10e2\u10e0\u10dd\u10de\u10e8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8) \u10d0\u10dc \u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10d8\u10e5\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc, \u10d7\u10e3\u10db\u10ea\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10e0\u10ea\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0 \u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>5. \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 (\u10e1\u10d0\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d0\u10ea\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e0\u10d4\u10ec\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd)<\/h2>\n<p>\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e4\u10d8\u10d6\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd, \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10e3\u10e5\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10dd \u10e1\u10de\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10e0\u10e8\u10d8:<\/p>\n<h3>\u10d0) \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 (\u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8) \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d6\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0:<\/strong> \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10e0\u10ea\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1, \u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10d7\u10d0 \u10ec\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10e4\u10d0\u10dc\u10e5\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8:<\/strong> \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10de\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8 \u10e4\u10d0\u10dc\u10e5\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e4\u10e3\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10d6\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e8\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d6\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d0\u10d3.<\/li>\n<li>\u10ee\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 (\u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3, \u10d5\u10d0\u10e8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ea\u10d8\u10e2\u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1) \u10d3\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10e0\u10eb\u10da\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d1\u10d6\u10d8\u10dc\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10eb\u10da\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 (\u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8).<\/li>\n<li>\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10e3\u10e7\u10d0\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e4\u10e3\u10d7\u10d5\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10eb\u10da\u10d4 \u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10d9\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d0 \u10da\u10dd\u10e1\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8, \u10d9\u10e0\u10d4\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8, \u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e2\u10e3\u10e9\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8, \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10ea\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10e3\u10da \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10e2\u10e3\u10da \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10f0\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d8\u10d6\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10ee\u10d8\u10e1, \u10e5\u10e1\u10dd\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 (\u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3, \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d1\u10e0\u10d4\u10d6\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1) \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10f0\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d8\u10d6\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10e0\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8 \u10e4\u10d4\u10ee\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea\u10db\u10da\u10d8\u10e1, \u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10ef\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d6\u10d8\u10dc\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10d7\u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10d0:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10e4\u10d8\u10d6\u10d8\u10dd\u10d7\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 (\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10d7\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10d0) \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10e1\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e2\u10d9\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e1\u10e3\u10d1\u10e3\u10e5\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d8\u10e1\u10ee\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10db\u10ef\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d0\u10d3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10dd\u10ee\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10dd\u10ee\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10d6\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d7\u10db\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e0\u10d4\u10ec\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10e9\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10ee\u10db\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10eb\u10d4\u10e0\u10ec\u10d5\u10d0:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10ea\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u10d1) \u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 (\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1) \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u10d9\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 (\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\/\u10d9\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d9\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8):<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10d1\u10d0\u10d5\u10e8\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8, \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10df\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8, \u10da\u10dd\u10e1\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d9\u10e0\u10d4\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10db\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10d0\u10df\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8.<\/li>\n<li>\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 (\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d9\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8):<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d7\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d6\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e1\u10e3\u10d1\u10e3\u10e5\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d0\u10d3.<\/li>\n<li>\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10dd\u10ee\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10d3\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e0\u10d4\u10ec\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 (\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d9\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1):<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10dd\u10ee\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10e3\u10e5\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da \u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10e2\u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e8\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0.<\/li>\n<li>\u10e5\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d6\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10e1\u10e8\u10d8.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8:<\/strong> \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10d5\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e3\u10da \u10dc\u10d0\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e0\u10d4\u10ec\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10dd\u10ee\u10d8:<\/strong> \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10e3\u10da \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e0\u10d4\u10ec\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd \u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10ea \u10e1\u10d0\u10ed\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10dc \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10ed\u10d5\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d4, \u10e3\u10e1\u10e3\u10dc\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10dd\u10ee\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e1.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10da\u10d0\u10d1\u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8:<\/strong> \u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d0\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1 \u10db\u10e3\u10d3\u10db\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8 \u10e2\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d0\u10d3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u10d2) \u10e5\u10da\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u10ea\u10d4\u10ea\u10ee\u10da\u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10eb\u10da\u10d4:<\/strong> \u10de\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d0\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8, \u10ec\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10ea\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d0\u10d3.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10de\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8:<\/strong> PVC-\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10dc\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10e0\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d3.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ec\u10dc\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10dd\u10ee\u10d8:<\/strong> \u10da\u10d8\u10d7\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10dd\u10ee\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>6. \u10e3\u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e0\u10d7\u10ee\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0 \u10e2\u10d8\u10de\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1<\/h2>\n<p>\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e3\u10ea\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10e3\u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e0\u10d7\u10ee\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u10d0\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8:<\/strong> \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 (\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8) \u10d0\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8. \u10ea\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e5\u10da\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10e8\u10d4\u10e3\u10eb\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10ee\u10d8 (\u10d9\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8):<\/strong> \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1, \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10dc \u10d9\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10d6\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e3\u10ea\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10ee\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 (\u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10d7\u10d4\u10d7\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d0\u10dc \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d9\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8) \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10d0\u10e0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10ea\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4 \u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1. \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e0\u10d4\u10ec\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd \u10d9\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10db\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10ea\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10ea\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10e3\u10da \u10d0\u10dc \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e6\u10d8\u10d6\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da \u10dc\u10d0\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10db\u10dd:<\/strong> \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d1\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8. \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10db \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d6\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e1. \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d8\u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10e1 \u10d1\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d0\u10da\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d0\u10dc \u10d1\u10d8\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e4\u10e3\u10eb\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10ef\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10e0\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u10d8\u10dc\u10f0\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0:<\/strong> \u10ea\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e5\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10e0\u10eb\u10da\u10d8\u10d5\u10db\u10d0 \u10d8\u10dc\u10f0\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10db \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10e2\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e7\u10da\u10d0\u10de\u10d5\u10d0:<\/strong> \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d0\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10db\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd\u10e1. \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 (\u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d7\u10dd) \u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e5\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10e0.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8:<\/strong> \u10d9\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10e3\u10e5\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d6\u10dd\u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e3\u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e0\u10d7\u10ee\u10dd\u10d3 \u10d8\u10d7\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db \u10d6\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7 \u10db\u10d2\u10e0\u10eb\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10ee\u10e8\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10ec\u10d5\u10d8\u10dd\u10e1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8<\/strong>, \u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e4\u10d8\u10d6\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10e3\u10e5\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10e6\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd, \u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d0\u10d5 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10ea\u10dd\u10ea\u10ee\u10da\u10dd\u10d3 \u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e7\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d3\u10e6\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0 \u10ea\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8. \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1** \u10d2\u10d0\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e3\u10d6\u10e0\u10e3\u10dc\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10ec\u10dd\u10e0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e3\u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e0\u10d7\u10ee\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10e8\u10d8. \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10d7 \u10d4\u10ec\u10d5\u10d8\u10dd\u10d7 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paraffin_wax\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia<\/a>. \u10d7\u10e3 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10d9\u10e0\u10d4\u10e2\u10e3\u10da \u10e2\u10d8\u10de\u10d4\u10d1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10d0\u10d7 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d2\u10d8\u10e9\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d7, \u10d2\u10d7\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10d7, \u10d3\u10d0\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d7.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Types of Paraffin: Ancient Art and Infinite Variety Understanding the **types of paraffin** is essential, as this versatile substance, primarily composed of saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes), finds a wide range of applications. Existing in various forms, both solid and liquid, paraffin is mainly derived from petroleum and holds a special place across numerous industries due to its unique properties. This comprehensive guide will delve into the various forms, their unique characteristics, and diverse applications of **paraffin types**. 1. What is Paraffin? Exploring the Different Types Definition and Key Properties Paraffin is primarily composed of hydrocarbon molecular chains containing carbon and hydrogen atoms. Depending on the length of these chains, paraffin can exist as a liquid or a solid. Let&#8217;s look at the main **types of paraffin** in this regard: Paraffin Wax \/ Solid Paraffin: The solid form of paraffin, which is **white, odorless, tasteless, and waxy** at room temperature. Its melting point usually ranges from **47 to 64 degrees Celsius**. It&#8217;s composed of longer-chain alkanes (approximately C20 to C40). It is **hydrophobic** (repels water) and insoluble in water. It&#8217;s a good electrical insulator. It is relatively chemically inert. Liquid Paraffin \/ Mineral Oil: The liquid form of paraffin, which is **colorless, odorless, tasteless, and transparent**. It&#8217;s composed of shorter-chain alkanes than solid paraffin (approximately C15 to C40). Available in &#8220;industrial&#8221; and highly purified &#8220;pharmaceutical\/food-grade&#8221; forms. 2. History and Origin of Paraffin The discovery and development of paraffin marked a significant turning point in various industries, especially in candle-making and the petroleum industry. Discovery and Naming (Early 19th Century): Karl von Reichenbach: A German chemist, formally discovered and identified **paraffin wax** in 1830. He obtained this substance while studying residues from the distillation of wood tar. Origin of the name &#8220;Paraffin&#8221;: Reichenbach chose the name &#8220;paraffin&#8221; from two Latin words: &#8220;parum,&#8221; meaning &#8220;little,&#8221; and &#8220;affinis,&#8221; meaning &#8220;affinity&#8221; or &#8220;inclination&#8221; (implying &#8220;lack of affinity&#8221;). This name was selected due to the substance&#8217;s high **non-reactivity** with other chemicals, which is one of its key properties. Commercial Development and Early Applications (Second Half of the 19th Century): James Young: A Scottish chemist, played a crucial role in the commercialization of paraffin production. In the 1850s, he developed processes for extracting paraffin (both liquid and solid) from coal and oil shales, producing it commercially. He even became known as &#8220;Young&#8217;s Paraffin&#8221; due to his work in this field. Revolution in Candle-making: Before paraffin&#8217;s discovery, candles were primarily made from animal fat (tallow) or beeswax, which produced a lot of smoke and were expensive. Paraffin wax revolutionized this industry because: Cleaner and More Uniform Burn: Paraffin candles produced less smoke and had a more stable flame. Lower Production Cost: With the development of petroleum refining methods, paraffin production became cheaper than beeswax and animal fat, making candles more accessible to the general public. Other Early Uses: In its early days, paraffin wax was also used in other industries, including as an insulator for telegraph cables, a waterproofing coating for surfaces, and in match production. Industrial Growth and Diverse Applications (20th Century Onwards): With the growth of the petroleum and meatpacking industries (which produced paraffin and stearic acid as by-products), paraffin production peaked in the early 20th century. Advances in refining processes (like vacuum distillation and hydrocracking) improved the quality of paraffin, paving the way for its diverse applications in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food, and other industries. Today, **paraffin** has become one of the most widely used materials globally, maintaining its position due to its desirable properties and cost-effectiveness. Understanding the different **types of paraffin** is essential for its proper application across various sectors. 3. Main Types of Paraffin: A Detailed Look Beyond the two main forms (solid and liquid), there are other significant **types of paraffin** or related materials, each with distinct characteristics and applications: Paraffin Wax: The solid paraffin described above. Liquid Paraffin \/ Mineral Oil: The liquid paraffin described above. Microcrystalline Wax: A type of petroleum derivative similar to paraffin wax, but with a smaller and more irregular crystal structure. It has a higher melting point (around 60 to 93 degrees Celsius) and greater flexibility. Often used in combination with paraffin wax to increase hardness and melting point. Chlorinated Paraffin: Liquid or solid paraffin combined with chlorine. Used to increase flame resistance (flame retardant) and as a plasticizer in specific industries. Petroleum Jelly \/ Vaseline: A mixture of liquid paraffin and microcrystalline wax with some heavier hydrocarbons. It&#8217;s a semi-solid gel primarily used in health and beauty products. 4. Paraffin Production Method: How Different Types of Paraffin Are Made Most commercial **types of paraffin** are derived from crude oil: Crude Oil Distillation: Crude oil is heated in refineries and separated into different petroleum fractions based on their boiling points. Wax Extraction: Heavier petroleum fractions containing paraffinic hydrocarbons (usually from the &#8220;lubricating oil&#8221; section) are separated. Dewaxing: In this step, oil is separated from the wax. This can be done by cooling the mixture to crystallize the wax, followed by filtration, or by using specific solvents. Refining: The crude wax obtained may contain impurities, color, and odor. To produce purer grades (especially food-grade or pharmaceutical-grade), refining processes such as hydrogenation (reaction with hydrogen), treatment with activated clay, or activated carbon are used to remove unwanted compounds. Other Methods: Paraffin can also be produced synthetically from natural gas (Fischer-Tropsch process) or from coal and oil shale, but production from crude oil remains the most common and economical method for various **types of paraffin**. 5. Uses of Paraffin (Household and Industrial) Due to its chemical and physical properties, various **types of paraffin** are used in a wide range of products and processes: a) Uses of Paraffin Wax (Solid): Candle Making: The most common use of paraffin wax, due to its suitable melting point, clean burn, and ability to hold fragrance and color. Crayons: As a primary component in crayon manufacturing. Food Packaging Industry: Coating some cheeses to prevent drying and undesirable mold growth. Coating fruits (like apples and citrus) to extend shelf life and enhance shine (must be<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3417,"template":"","meta":{"gallery_images":[],"footnotes":""},"im-categories":[86],"class_list":["post-3416","im_products","type-im_products","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","im-categories-paraffin"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.0 (Yoast SEO v26.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Types of Paraffin | Imex Georgia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover the main types of paraffin, from solid wax to liquid mineral oil and specialized forms. 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