{"id":3441,"date":"2025-06-02T13:23:52","date_gmt":"2025-06-02T13:23:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/imexgeorgia.com\/test\/?post_type=im_products&#038;p=3441"},"modified":"2025-06-02T13:23:52","modified_gmt":"2025-06-02T13:23:52","slug":"paraffin-ancient-art-and-infinite-variety","status":"publish","type":"im_products","link":"https:\/\/imexgeorgia.com\/ka\/im_products\/paraffin-ancient-art-and-infinite-variety\/","title":{"rendered":"\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8: \u10e3\u10eb\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e3\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10dd \u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8: \u10e3\u10eb\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e3\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10dd \u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0<\/h1>\n<p>**\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8** \u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10db\u10ee\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d8\u10d5\u10d7\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d0 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10de\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7. \u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ef\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 (\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1) \u10ef\u10d2\u10e3\u10e4\u10e1, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10ea \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d8\u10d7 (\u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8) \u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d3 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d0\u10dc, \u10d6\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10d8\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0. \u10d4\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da \u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10da\u10e1 \u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e3\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10dd \u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd. \u10d4\u10e1 \u10e7\u10dd\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10ea\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10eb\u10e6\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10dd \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10e1\u10ec\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10e1, \u10d7\u10e3 \u10e0\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 **\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8**, \u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10e0 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1, \u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc \u10e2\u10d8\u10de\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1, \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e3\u10d0\u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>1. \u10e0\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8? \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8<\/h2>\n<p>**\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8** \u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d4\u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ef\u10d0\u10ed\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10ea \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10ea\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1. \u10d0\u10db \u10ef\u10d0\u10ed\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d8\u10d2\u10e0\u10eb\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7, **\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8** \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1 \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8, \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4 \u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d8\u10d7:<\/p>\n<h3>\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \/ \u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>**\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1** \u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10dd\u10d7\u10d0\u10ee\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e2\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d7\u10d4\u10d7\u10e0\u10d8, \u10e3\u10e1\u10e3\u10dc\u10dd, \u10e3\u10d2\u10d4\u10db\u10dd \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0.<\/li>\n<li>\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e9\u10d5\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5 47-\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc 64 \u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d4\u10da\u10e1\u10d8\u10e3\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10e7\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10e1.<\/li>\n<li>\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10d2\u10e0\u10eb\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10ef\u10d0\u10ed\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc (\u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 C20-\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc C40-\u10db\u10d3\u10d4).<\/li>\n<li>\u10d8\u10e1 \u10f0\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10e4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 (\u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1) \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e3\u10ee\u10e1\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10d0.<\/li>\n<li>\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d8 \u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10e0\u10dd \u10d8\u10d6\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0.<\/li>\n<li>\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \/ \u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10e3\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd, \u10e3\u10e1\u10e3\u10dc\u10dd, \u10e3\u10d2\u10d4\u10db\u10dd \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10ed\u10d5\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d0.<\/li>\n<li>\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10db\u10dd\u10d9\u10da\u10d4 \u10ef\u10d0\u10ed\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 (\u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 C15-\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc C40-\u10db\u10d3\u10d4).<\/li>\n<li>\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10d5\u10d3\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d0 \u201e\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e0\u10d4\u10ec\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u201c \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d2\u10d0\u10ec\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u201e\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\/\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u201c \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>2. \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10e8\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0: \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d6\u10d0\u10e3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8<\/h2>\n<p>**\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1** \u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dd\u10e9\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10db \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10db \u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10e2\u10d4\u10ee\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8.<\/p>\n<h3>\u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dd\u10e9\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 (\u10db\u10d4-19 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8):<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Karl von Reichenbach (\u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10da \u10e4\u10dd\u10dc \u10e0\u10d0\u10d8\u10ee\u10d4\u10dc\u10d1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d8):<\/strong> \u10d2\u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10d0\u10ea \u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10e9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0 **\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1** \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 1830 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1. \u10db\u10d0\u10dc \u10d4\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d8\u10d5\u10d7\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10ec\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10d8\u10e6\u10dd.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10ec\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u201e\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u201c \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10e8\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0:<\/strong> \u10e0\u10d0\u10d8\u10ee\u10d4\u10dc\u10d1\u10d0\u10ee\u10db\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10ec\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u201e\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u201c \u10dd\u10e0\u10d8 \u10da\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d8\u10e2\u10e7\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10e8\u10d4\u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10d8\u10d0: \u201eparum\u201c, \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u201e\u10db\u10ea\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10e1\u201c \u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u201eaffinis\u201c, \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u201e\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1\u201c \u10d0\u10dc \u201e\u10db\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d9\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1\u201c \u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1 (\u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u201e\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1\u201c \u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10ee\u10db\u10dd\u10d1\u10e1). \u10d4\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d8\u10d5\u10d7\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d0\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10e0\u10e9\u10d0, \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7-\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10db\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d0.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10ea\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 (\u10db\u10d4-19 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8):<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>James Young (\u10ef\u10d4\u10d8\u10db\u10e1 \u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10d8):<\/strong> \u10e8\u10dd\u10e2\u10da\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10ec\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8 \u10e0\u10dd\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8. 1850-\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 (\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8, \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4 \u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8) \u10db\u10dd\u10de\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10d8\u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10ea\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0. \u10d0\u10db \u10e1\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd, \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8 \u201e\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u201c \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10ea \u10d9\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0 \u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10dd\u10da\u10e3\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d6\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8:<\/strong> \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dd\u10e9\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d3 \u10ea\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ea\u10ee\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc (\u10ea\u10ee\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc) \u10d0\u10dc \u10e4\u10e3\u10e2\u10d9\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10d6\u10d0\u10d3\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3 \u10d9\u10d5\u10d0\u10db\u10da\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10eb\u10d5\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e6\u10d8\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0. **\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10db\u10d0** \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10d0\u10db \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10dd\u10da\u10e3\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0, \u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc:\n<ul>\n<li>\u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10d7\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d2\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d5\u10d0: \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10da\u10d4\u10d1 \u10d9\u10d5\u10d0\u10db\u10da\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10f0\u10e5\u10dd\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0\u10d7.<\/li>\n<li>\u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10e6\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0: \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7, \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10d8\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0, \u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4 \u10e4\u10e3\u10e2\u10d9\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ea\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ea\u10ee\u10d8\u10db\u10d8, \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea \u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10dd\u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10d5\u10d3\u10dd\u10db\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0:<\/strong> \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4\u10e3\u10da \u10d4\u10e2\u10d0\u10de\u10d6\u10d4 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8\u10ea \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0, \u10db\u10d0\u10d7 \u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1, \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10e2\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10d6\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8, \u10d6\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10f0\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d8\u10d6\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e0\u10d4\u10ec\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd \u10d6\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 (\u10db\u10d4-20 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc):<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ee\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d6\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3 (\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10ea \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10df\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10e3\u10e5\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d0\u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc), \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10db \u10de\u10d8\u10d9\u10e1 XX \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d8\u10e1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10e6\u10ec\u10d8\u10d0.<\/li>\n<li>\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10db (\u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3, \u10d5\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10e3\u10db\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10f0\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d9\u10e0\u10d4\u10d9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10d8) \u10d2\u10d0\u10d0\u10e3\u10db\u10ef\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10ee\u10d8, \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea \u10d2\u10d6\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e3\u10ee\u10e1\u10dc\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d9\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10e2\u10e3\u10da, \u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7-\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d8\u10e5\u10ea\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10dd\u10d6\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1. \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d4\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10d7 \u10d4\u10ec\u10d5\u10d8\u10dd\u10d7 \u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d2\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d3\u10e1. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paraffin_wax\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia \u2013 Paraffin Wax<\/a>.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>3. \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10e2\u10d8\u10de\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8: \u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8\u10e1\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10e6\u10db\u10d0<\/h2>\n<p>\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8 \u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 (\u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8) \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0, \u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10e1 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10ea. <a href=\"https:\/\/imexgeorgia.com\/ka\/im_products\/types-of-paraffin\/\">\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8<\/a> \u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d7\u10d0\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10d7\u10d8\u10d7\u10dd\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e5\u10d5\u10e1:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8:<\/strong> \u10d6\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10d7 \u10d0\u10e6\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \/ \u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8:<\/strong> \u10d6\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10d7 \u10d0\u10e6\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10e0\u10dd\u10d9\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e2\u10d8\u10de\u10d8, \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1\u10d8, \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10de\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d9\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10e3\u10e5\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7.<\/li>\n<li>\u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e5\u10d5\u10e1 \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10db\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 (\u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 60-\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc 93 \u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d4\u10da\u10e1\u10d8\u10e3\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4) \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10dc\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0.<\/li>\n<li>\u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e1\u10d8\u10db\u10e2\u10d9\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10e0\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10e5\u10da\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e5\u10da\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10e8\u10d4\u10e0\u10ec\u10e7\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10d8.<\/li>\n<li>\u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10ea\u10d4\u10ea\u10ee\u10da\u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10e0\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 (\u10ea\u10d4\u10ea\u10ee\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8) \u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10e4\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10d9\u10e0\u10d4\u10e2\u10e3\u10da \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10d5\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \/ \u10d5\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10e0\u10dd\u10d9\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10db\u10eb\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc.<\/li>\n<li>\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d4\u10da\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10ef\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10e0\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d8\u10da\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10e3\u10e5\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>4. \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3\u10d8: \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0 \u10db\u10d6\u10d0\u10d3\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8<\/h2>\n<p>\u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10ea\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d4\u10e1\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10d8\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u10dc\u10d4\u10d3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0:<\/strong> \u10dc\u10d4\u10d3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10ee\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d0 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10e0\u10d0\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d3\u10e3\u10e6\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0:<\/strong> \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10ea\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10db\u10eb\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10e4\u10e0\u10d0\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 (\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10ec\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8, \u201e\u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10dd\u10ee\u10d8 \u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1\u201c \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc) \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d0.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10d3\u10d4\u10ea\u10d8\u10da\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0:<\/strong> \u10d0\u10db \u10d4\u10e2\u10d0\u10de\u10d6\u10d4, \u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d0. \u10d4\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d7\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1, \u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10db\u10dd\u10f0\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d0\u10dc \u10e1\u10de\u10d4\u10ea\u10d8\u10e4\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10ee\u10e1\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0:<\/strong> \u10db\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d3\u10da\u10d8 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10ea\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1, \u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10e3\u10dc\u10e1. \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10d7\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10ee\u10d8\u10e1 (\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d0\u10dc \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10ee\u10d8\u10e1) \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10ea\u10d0\u10d0 \u10f0\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 (\u10e0\u10d4\u10d0\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc), \u10d2\u10d0\u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d8\u10ee\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d0\u10dc \u10d2\u10d0\u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8:<\/strong> \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d8\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d1\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc (\u10e4\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10e0-\u10e2\u10e0\u10dd\u10de\u10e8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8) \u10d0\u10dc \u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10d8\u10e5\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc, \u10d7\u10e3\u10db\u10ea\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10e0\u10ea\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0 \u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>5. \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0: \u10e1\u10d0\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d0\u10ea\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e0\u10d4\u10ec\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0<\/h2>\n<p>\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e4\u10d8\u10d6\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd, \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10e3\u10e5\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10dd \u10e1\u10de\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10e0\u10e8\u10d8:<\/p>\n<h3>\u10d0) \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 (\u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8) \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d6\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0:<\/strong> \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10e0\u10ea\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1, \u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10d7\u10d0 \u10ec\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10e4\u10d0\u10dc\u10e5\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8:<\/strong> \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10de\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8 \u10e4\u10d0\u10dc\u10e5\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e4\u10e3\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10d6\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e8\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d6\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d0\u10d3.<\/li>\n<li>\u10ee\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 (\u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3, \u10d5\u10d0\u10e8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ea\u10d8\u10e2\u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1) \u10d3\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10e0\u10eb\u10da\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d1\u10d6\u10d8\u10dc\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10eb\u10da\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 (\u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8).<\/li>\n<li>\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10e3\u10e7\u10d0\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e4\u10e3\u10d7\u10d5\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10eb\u10da\u10d4 \u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10d9\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d0 \u10da\u10dd\u10e1\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8, \u10d9\u10e0\u10d4\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8, \u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e2\u10e3\u10e9\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8, \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10ea\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10e3\u10da \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10e2\u10e3\u10da \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10f0\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d8\u10d6\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10ee\u10d8\u10e1, \u10e5\u10e1\u10dd\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 (\u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3, \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d1\u10e0\u10d4\u10d6\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1) \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10f0\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d8\u10d6\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10e0\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8 \u10e4\u10d4\u10ee\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea\u10db\u10da\u10d8\u10e1, \u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10ef\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d6\u10d8\u10dc\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10d7\u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10d0:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10e4\u10d8\u10d6\u10d8\u10dd\u10d7\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 (\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10d7\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10d0) \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10e1\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e2\u10d9\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e1\u10e3\u10d1\u10e3\u10e5\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d8\u10e1\u10ee\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10db\u10ef\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d0\u10d3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10dd\u10ee\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10dd\u10ee\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10d6\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d7\u10db\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e0\u10d4\u10ec\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10e9\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10ee\u10db\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10eb\u10d4\u10e0\u10ec\u10d5\u10d0:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10ea\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u10d1) \u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 (\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1) \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u10d9\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 (\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\/\u10d9\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d9\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8):<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10d1\u10d0\u10d5\u10e8\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8, \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10df\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8, \u10da\u10dd\u10e1\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d9\u10e0\u10d4\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10db\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10d0\u10df\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8.<\/li>\n<li>\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 (\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d9\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8):<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d7\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d6\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e1\u10e3\u10d1\u10e3\u10e5\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d0\u10d3.<\/li>\n<li>\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10dd\u10ee\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10d3\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e0\u10d4\u10ec\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 (\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d9\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1):<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10dd\u10ee\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10e3\u10e5\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da \u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10e2\u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e8\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0.<\/li>\n<li>\u10e5\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d6\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10e1\u10e8\u10d8.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8:<\/strong> \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10d5\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e3\u10da \u10dc\u10d0\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e0\u10d4\u10ec\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10dd\u10ee\u10d8:<\/strong> \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10e3\u10da \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e0\u10d4\u10ec\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd \u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10ea \u10e1\u10d0\u10ed\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10dc \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10ed\u10d5\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d4, \u10e3\u10e1\u10e3\u10dc\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10dd\u10ee\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e1.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10da\u10d0\u10d1\u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8:<\/strong> \u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d0\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1 \u10db\u10e3\u10d3\u10db\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8 \u10e2\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d0\u10d3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u10d2) \u10e5\u10da\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u10ea\u10d4\u10ea\u10ee\u10da\u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10eb\u10da\u10d4:<\/strong> \u10de\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d0\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8, \u10ec\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10ea\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d0\u10d3.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10de\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8:<\/strong> PVC-\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10dc\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10e0\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d3.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ec\u10dc\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10dd\u10ee\u10d8:<\/strong> \u10da\u10d8\u10d7\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10dd\u10ee\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>6. \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e0\u10d7\u10ee\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u10d0\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8:<\/strong> \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 (\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8) \u10d0\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8. \u10ea\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e5\u10da\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10e8\u10d4\u10e3\u10eb\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10ee\u10d8 (\u10d9\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8):<\/strong> \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1, \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10dc \u10d9\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10d6\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e3\u10ea\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10ee\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 (\u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10d7\u10d4\u10d7\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d0\u10dc \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d9\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8) \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10d0\u10e0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10ea\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4 \u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1. \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e0\u10d4\u10ec\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd \u10d9\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10db\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10ea\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10ea\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10e3\u10da \u10d0\u10dc \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e6\u10d8\u10d6\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da \u10dc\u10d0\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10db\u10dd:<\/strong> \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10e3\u10e5\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d1\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8. \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10db \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d6\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e1. \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d8\u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10e1 \u10d1\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d0\u10da\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d0\u10dc \u10d1\u10d8\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e4\u10e3\u10eb\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1. \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10e3\u10e5\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d6\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1 \u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10d7 \u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d2\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d3\u10d6\u10d4. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Petroleum#Environmental_impact\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia \u2013 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10e3\u10e5\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d6\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10ef\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10e0\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u10d8\u10dc\u10f0\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0:<\/strong> \u10ea\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e5\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10e0\u10eb\u10da\u10d8\u10d5\u10db\u10d0 \u10d8\u10dc\u10f0\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10db \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10e2\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e7\u10da\u10d0\u10de\u10d5\u10d0:<\/strong> \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d0\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10db\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd\u10e1. \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 (\u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d7\u10dd) \u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e5\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10e0.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8:<\/strong> \u10d9\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10e3\u10e5\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d6\u10dd\u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e3\u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e0\u10d7\u10ee\u10dd\u10d3 \u10d8\u10d7\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db \u10d6\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7 \u10db\u10d2\u10e0\u10eb\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10ee\u10e8\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10ec\u10d5\u10d8\u10dd\u10e1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e4\u10d8\u10d6\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10e3\u10e5\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10e6\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd, \u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d0\u10d5 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10ea\u10dd\u10ea\u10ee\u10da\u10dd\u10d3 \u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e7\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d3\u10e6\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0 \u10ea\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8. \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10e3\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10dd \u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e3\u10d6\u10e0\u10e3\u10dc\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e3\u10d3\u10db\u10d8\u10d5 \u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8. \u10d0\u10db \u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10db\u10ee\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d8\u10d5\u10d7\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1, \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10ee\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d7 \u10e7\u10dd\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10ea\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10dc \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e1\u10dd\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1\u10d0\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Paraffin: Ancient Art and Infinite Variety **Paraffin** is a versatile substance with a wide range of applications. It refers to a group of saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) that exist in various forms (solid and liquid) and are derived primarily from petroleum or, in some cases, other sources. This material holds a special place in numerous industries due to its unique properties and infinite variety. This comprehensive guide will explore what **paraffin** is, its rich history, diverse types, production methods, and countless uses. 1. What is Paraffin? Definition and Properties **Paraffin** is primarily composed of hydrocarbon molecular chains containing carbon and hydrogen atoms. Depending on the length of these chains, **paraffin** can exist as a liquid or a solid: Paraffin Wax \/ Solid Paraffin: The solid form of **paraffin**, which is white, odorless, tasteless, and waxy at room temperature. Its melting point usually ranges from 47 to 64 degrees Celsius. It&#8217;s composed of longer-chain alkanes (approximately C20 to C40). It is hydrophobic (repels water) and insoluble in water. It&#8217;s a good electrical insulator. It is relatively chemically inert. Liquid Paraffin \/ Mineral Oil: The liquid form of **paraffin**, which is colorless, odorless, tasteless, and transparent. It&#8217;s composed of shorter-chain alkanes than solid **paraffin** (approximately C15 to C40). Available in &#8220;industrial&#8221; and highly purified &#8220;pharmaceutical\/food-grade&#8221; forms. 2. History and Origin of Paraffin: A Journey Through Time The discovery and development of **paraffin** marked a significant turning point in various industries, especially in candle-making and the petroleum industry. Discovery and Naming (Early 19th Century): Karl von Reichenbach: A German chemist, formally discovered and identified **paraffin** wax in 1830. He obtained this substance while studying residues from the distillation of wood tar. Origin of the name &#8220;Paraffin&#8221;: Reichenbach chose the name &#8220;**paraffin**&#8221; from two Latin words: &#8220;parum,&#8221; meaning &#8220;little,&#8221; and &#8220;affinis,&#8221; meaning &#8220;affinity&#8221; or &#8220;inclination&#8221; (implying &#8220;lack of affinity&#8221;). This name was selected due to the substance&#8217;s high non-reactivity with other chemicals, which is one of its key properties. Commercial Development and Early Applications (Second Half of the 19th Century): James Young: A Scottish chemist, played a crucial role in the commercialization of **paraffin** production. In the 1850s, he developed processes for extracting **paraffin** (both liquid and solid) from coal and oil shales, producing it commercially. He even became known as &#8220;Young&#8217;s **Paraffin**&#8221; due to his work in this field. Revolution in Candle-making: Before **paraffin**&#8217;s discovery, candles were primarily made from animal fat (tallow) or beeswax, which produced a lot of smoke and were expensive. **Paraffin** wax revolutionized this industry because: Cleaner and More Uniform Burn: **Paraffin** candles produced less smoke and had a more stable flame. Lower Production Cost: With the development of petroleum refining methods, **paraffin** production became cheaper than beeswax and animal fat, making candles more accessible to the general public. Other Early Uses: In its early days, **paraffin** wax was also used in other industries, including as an insulator for telegraph cables, a waterproofing coating for surfaces, and in match production. Industrial Growth and Diverse Applications (20th Century Onwards): With the growth of the petroleum and meatpacking industries (which produced **paraffin** and stearic acid as by-products), **paraffin** production peaked in the early 20th century. Advances in refining processes (like vacuum distillation and hydrocracking) improved the quality of **paraffin**, paving the way for its diverse applications in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food, and other industries. Today, **paraffin** has become one of the most widely used materials globally, maintaining its position due to its desirable properties and cost-effectiveness. For more historical details, you can visit Wikipedia &#8211; Paraffin Wax. 3. Main Types of Paraffin: Beyond the Basics Besides the two main forms (solid and liquid), there are other significant types of paraffin or related materials, each with distinct characteristics and applications: Paraffin Wax: The solid **paraffin** described above. Liquid Paraffin \/ Mineral Oil: The liquid **paraffin** described above. Microcrystalline Wax: A type of petroleum derivative similar to **paraffin** wax, but with a smaller and more irregular crystal structure. It has a higher melting point (around 60 to 93 degrees Celsius) and greater flexibility. Often used in combination with **paraffin** wax to increase hardness and melting point. Chlorinated Paraffin: Liquid or solid **paraffin** combined with chlorine. Used to increase flame resistance (flame retardant) and as a plasticizer in specific industries. Petroleum Jelly \/ Vaseline: A mixture of liquid **paraffin** and microcrystalline wax with some heavier hydrocarbons. It&#8217;s a semi-solid gel primarily used in health and beauty products. 4. Paraffin Production Method: How Paraffin is Made Most commercial **paraffin** is derived from crude oil: Crude Oil Distillation: Crude oil is heated in refineries and separated into different petroleum fractions based on their boiling points. Wax Extraction: Heavier petroleum fractions containing paraffinic hydrocarbons (usually from the &#8220;lubricating oil&#8221; section) are separated. Dewaxing: In this step, oil is separated from the wax. This can be done by cooling the mixture to crystallize the wax, followed by filtration, or by using specific solvents. Refining: The crude wax obtained may contain impurities, color, and odor. To produce purer grades (especially food-grade or pharmaceutical-grade), refining processes such as hydrogenation (reaction with hydrogen), treatment with activated clay, or activated carbon are used to remove unwanted compounds. Other Methods: **Paraffin** can also be produced synthetically from natural gas (Fischer-Tropsch process) or from coal and oil shale, but production from crude oil remains the most common and economical method. 5. Uses of Paraffin: Household and Industrial Applications Due to its chemical and physical properties, **paraffin** is used in a wide range of products and processes: a) Uses of Paraffin Wax (Solid): Candle Making: The most common use of **paraffin** wax, due to its suitable melting point, clean burn, and ability to hold fragrance and color. Crayons: As a primary component in crayon manufacturing. Food Packaging Industry: Coating some cheeses to prevent drying and undesirable mold growth. Coating fruits (like apples and citrus) to extend shelf life and enhance shine (must be food-grade). Added to paper and cardboard to create water-resistant properties in food packaging. Cosmetics and Personal Care Industry: As a base in lotions,<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3443,"template":"","meta":{"gallery_images":[],"footnotes":""},"im-categories":[86],"class_list":["post-3441","im_products","type-im_products","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","im-categories-paraffin"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.0 (Yoast SEO v26.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Paraffin: Ancient Art and Infinite Variety | Imex Georgia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Explore paraffin: its ancient art, infinite variety, definition, key properties, history, production methods, and diverse uses in household and industry\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/imexgeorgia.com\/ka\/im_products\/paraffin-ancient-art-and-infinite-variety\/\" 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